{"id":14072,"date":"2026-07-03T17:16:30","date_gmt":"2026-07-03T11:46:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.class24.study\/current-affairs\/?post_type=academic_content&#038;p=14072"},"modified":"2026-07-03T17:16:30","modified_gmt":"2026-07-03T11:46:30","slug":"indus-valley","status":"publish","type":"academic_content","link":"https:\/\/www.class24.study\/current-affairs\/indus-valley\/","title":{"rendered":"Indus Valley Civilisation: Map, Script, Seals, Features &amp; Important Sites"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indus Valley Civilisation: The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) or Harappan Civilisation was a Bronze Age civilisation primarily present in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent and one of three early cradles of civilisations, which was contemporaneous with Ancient Egypt, Mesoamerica and Ancient China. It was marked by site layouts, sewerage systems, standardised weights and measures, craftsmanship and long-distance trade networks (Archaeological Survey of India, ASI. The most important ones are Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi, Kalibangan and Lothal. Spanning a wide geographical area along the northwestern region of modern-day India and Pakistan, this majestic civilisation is renowned for its urban planning, architecture, agriculture, metallurgy, as well as complex socio-economic organisation that forms an integral part of India&#8217;s ancient cultural foundation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">How Was the Indus Valley Civilisation Discovered?<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), or Harappan Civilisation, a Bronze Age urban culture in the Indian subcontinent which existed around 2600\u20131900 BCE<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It evolved from pre-Harappan communities which were already engaged in agriculture and animal domestication, pottery-making, and permanent habitation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The civilisation spanned the northern and western regions of South Asia, extending from the northeastern part of today&#8217;s Afghanistan to Pakistan&#8217;s Punjab province and most of the Indian state of Haryana up to its southern edge in such river basins as Ghaggar-Hakra (as supported by archaeology), Sutlej, and Sarasvati.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It extended around 1.5 million sq kilometres which covered the area of modern-day India, Pakistan and some parts of Afghanistan; thus becoming one of the largest early civilisations as well.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There was fertile, alluvial soil, perennial rivers, and an environment suitable for agricultural trade as well as for the planned settlement of large urban centres.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Discovery of the Indus Valley Civilisation<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the historical significance of those ruins went unrecognised, interest grew in what remained of the civilisation during the nineteenth century.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 1826, the explorer Charles Masson described the mound at Harappa as the site of a once-fortified village.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is not too surprising, considering that workers unearthing the site during the construction of a new railway line between Lahore\u2013Multan in 1856 had removed thousands of baked bricks for use as railway ballast \u2013 hints at this archaeological potential surrounding Harappa.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Alexander Cunningham, as the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), visited it in 1872\u201373 and gave one of the earliest reports on its seals and antiquities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first systematic excavations were conducted at Harappa in 1921 by Daya Ram Sahni, and at Mohenjo-daro in 1922 by Rakhal Das Banerji.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The discovery of the Indus Valley Civilisation, one of the earliest planned urban civilisations in the world, was officially announced by Sir John Marshall, then Director-General of ASI, in 1924.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Further excavations in the decades that followed at sites like Dholavira, Lothal, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Banawali and many other places revealed just how large and sophisticated this urban civilisation really was, about its geography and architectural infrastructure as well as trade routes set up by it towards distant lands and brilliant craftsmanship as evidenced by artefacts recovered from these archaeological digs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indus Valley Civilisation: Map and Major Archaeological Sites<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Indus Valley Civilisation spread over India, Pakistan and parts of Afghanistan, an area around 1.5 million sq. km. Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, Lothal, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Banawali and Surkotada are some of its key archaeological sites. These places demonstrate evidence of high-level urbanism, drainage systems, trade networks and highly skilled craftsmanship.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Major Archaeological Sites of Indus Valley Civilisation<\/span><\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Archaeological Site<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Present Location<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Key Features \/ Significance<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Harappa<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Punjab, Pakistan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">First excavated Harappan site; granary, cemetery (R-37), fortified citadel, seals, and standardized weights.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Mohenjo-daro<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sindh, Pakistan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Great Bath, Great Granary, Assembly Hall, advanced drainage system, and the famous bronze <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dancing Girl<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> sculpture.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Dholavira<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kutch, Gujarat<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">UNESCO World Heritage Site; unique water conservation system, reservoirs, stadium, and large Harappan signboard.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Lothal<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ahmedabad district, Gujarat<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Famous for the world&#8217;s earliest known dockyard, bead-making industry, warehouse, and maritime trade.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Kalibangan<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hanumangarh, Rajasthan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Evidence of ploughed agricultural fields, fire altars, and both Pre-Harappan and Mature Harappan settlements.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Rakhigarhi<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hisar, Haryana<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Largest Harappan site in India; evidence of planned urban settlement, drainage system, and human burials.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Banawali<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fatehabad, Haryana<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fortified town with radial street layout; yielded terracotta artefacts, seals, and agricultural evidence.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Surkotada<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kutch, Gujarat<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fortified settlement; known for horse bones, suggesting possible domesticated horses during the Harappan period.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Chanhudaro<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sindh, Pakistan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Major industrial centre; renowned for bead-making, shell working, and craft production; lacked a citadel.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Ropar (Rupnagar)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Punjab, India<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Northernmost Harappan settlement in India; evidence of continuous cultural succession from the Harappan to later periods.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Alamgirpur<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meerut, Uttar Pradesh<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Easternmost Harappan site; known for pottery, mud-brick structures, and textile-related remains.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Kot Diji<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sindh, Pakistan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Important Pre-Harappan site showing the transition to the Mature Harappan phase; fortified settlement.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chronology of the Indus Valley Civilisation<\/span><\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Phase<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Time Period (Approx.)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Key Characteristics<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Major Sites<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Early Harappan (Pre-Urban Phase)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>c. 3300\u20132600 BCE<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Emergence of permanent settlements, agriculture, pottery, mud-brick houses, craft production, and regional trade.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kot Diji, Amri, Kalibangan (Early Phase), Banawali<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Mature Harappan (Urban Phase)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>c. 2600\u20131900 BCE<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Peak of the civilisation with well-planned cities, grid-pattern streets, drainage systems, standardised weights and measures, seals, script, metallurgy, and long-distance trade.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, Lothal, Rakhigarhi, Kalibangan<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Late Harappan (Post-Urban Phase)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>c. 1900\u20131300 BCE<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gradual decline of urban centres, reduced long-distance trade, disappearance of standardised script and seals, ruralisation, and regional cultural variations.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cemetery H (Harappa), Rangpur, Rojdi, Daimabad, Jhukar<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Also Read<\/h2>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;text-align: center\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"8\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a style=\"color: #393fd7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.class24.study\/current-affairs\/revolt-of-1857\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Revolt of 1857, Complete Histor<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a style=\"color: #393fd7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.class24.study\/current-affairs\/lodhi-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lodhi Dynasty (1451\u20131526)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a style=\"color: #393fd7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.class24.study\/current-affairs\/sayyid-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sayyid Dynasty (1414\u20131451)<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a style=\"color: #393fd7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.class24.study\/current-affairs\/tughlaq-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tughlaq Dynasty (1320\u20131414 AD<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a style=\"color: #393fd7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.class24.study\/current-affairs\/khilji-dynasty-1290-1320\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320 AD<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a style=\"color: #393fd7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.class24.study\/current-affairs\/mamluk-dynasty-upsc-notes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mamluk Dynasty (1206 \u2013 1290 AD<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a style=\"color: #393fd7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mesolithic Age in India<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a style=\"color: #393fd7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Palaeolithic Age<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Key Features of the Indus Valley Civilisation<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indus Valley Civilisation was characterised by: well-planned cities, grid-pattern streets, advanced drainage systems, uniformity in weights and measures, undeciphered script used for writing or keeping records, high levels of craftsmanship, widespread trade, extensive networks, bronze metallurgy, agricultural surplus, social stratification and urban administration. One of the world&#8217;s oldest and best-organised urban civilisations; its impressive town planning &amp; water management show.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social Hierarchy and Organisation &#8211; Indus Valley Civilisation<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The society was well-organised, containing signs of planned cities, urban administration and civic management.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Archaeological remains did not produce any evidence for kings, nor a centralised monarchy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The mix of merchants, artisans, farmers, traders, labourers and possibly craftsmen is an indication of occupational specialisation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An evident craft economy is exhibited by work produced by specialist craftsmen producing beads, pottery, seals, jewellery, metal tools and textiles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Provision for uniform town planning and standard weights and measures indicates an efficient administrative system.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Structures like the Great Bath and granaries suggest that much community action was aimed at the public good.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Differing sizes of houses suggest some social stratification, although wealth extremes are lacking.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is thought that women played an important role in society, due to the many terracotta female figurines (often interpreted as for fertility)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Urban centres most certainly existed alongside long-distance trade networks that connected them to more remote regions and people engaged in commerce.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It seems that the civilisation rather prioritised urban planning for the collective, economic partnership, and social stability over building monumental instances of royal power.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Town Planning in the Indus Valley Civilisation<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the major features of the Indus Valley Civilisation is its extremely advanced and organised city planning.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The streets were in a grid, forming rectangular-shaped city blocks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Settlements were typically split into two parts\u2014an area on an elevation known as the Citadel, which was generally reserved for administration and public buildings, and a Lower Town where most of the general population lived.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Brick houses were built to a standard by baking bricks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are covered street drains that lead to houses with a remarkable level of sanitation in between.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There was large-scale, efficient water management, as almost every house had private bathrooms, wells, and soak pits.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Public buildings, which included granaries and assembly halls as well as the ubiquitous Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro, graced major cities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Standardisation of weights and measures or the dimensions of brick points to centralised planning and uniformity in construction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Advanced water conservation systems, especially at Dholavira, indicate the civilisation&#8217;s sophistication in urban engineering and resource management.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Religion and Art of the Indus Valley Civilisation<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Limited archaeological evidence such as seals, terracotta figurines and ritual structures provides insights into the religious beliefs of the Indus Valley Civilisation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Several terracotta female effigies indicate the Mother Goddess veneration, representing fertility and prosperity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Pashupati Seal is commonly cited as showing a horned man seated in a yogic pose, perhaps the earliest representation of something similar to lord Shiva, although this interpretation is not without controversy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bulls, unicorns, elephants, rhinoceroses, tigers, and other animals are often seen on seals acts as a mark for religious value.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The fire altars found at Kalibangan and Lothal imply the existence of ritual worship and ceremonial pursuits.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mohenjo-daro&#8217;s iconic Great Bath: A 4,500-year-old man-made structure believed to have been used for ritual purification and religious ceremonies<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Specialisation of Harappa: Artisans specialised in bead-making, pottery, metallurgy (metal work), shell crafts and ivory carving, as well as jewellery.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This includes stone and bronze sculptures, displaying great artistic talents in pieces like the renowned &#8220;Dancing Girl&#8221; and &#8220;Priest-King&#8221;.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They used thousands of steatite seals, sometimes carved with animal designs and undeciphered Harappan writing, to record trade, identify ownership between traders (ensure their goods were not lost in transit), and make markers linked with religion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Harappans were adept in many artistic elements such as maintaining balance between aesthetic richness, technical skills and symbolic expression, as evidenced by the artworks comprising a rich cultural heritage.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reasons for the Decline of the Harappan Civilisation &#8211; Indus Valley<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Change: Long-term climate changes and more arid conditions diminished agricultural yields and disrupted human settlements.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rivers Changed: The progressive drying up or diversion of rivers, especially the Ghaggar-Hakra system, impacted irrigation and farming.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deterioration of Trade: The relations with Mesopotamia and other regions that were mutually beneficial started to decline, impacting the economy of Harappan Civilisation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recurrent Floods: The archaeological evidence from places like Mohenjo-daro suggests frequent inundation that ruined urban centres.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Geological disturbances sometimes changed the course of rivers and dried up the springs needed to support settlements.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Resource Depletion: The Level of urban life may have diminished because of the excessive utilisation of natural resources such as forests and fertile land.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Late Harappan Phase: This is when we saw the slow ruralisation as people emptied out of the big cities into smaller, more low-key villages.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There is no definitive proof of any Aryan invasion. Modern archaeological evidence fails to verify this earlier hypothesis of an Aryan invasion that brought about the collapse of the civilisation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental, Economic, and Social Factors: Many historians and archaeologists think that the collapse was a result of environmental, economic, and social changes rather than one event.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instead of vanishing without a trace, much like an instant collapse from the Catastrophe Theory, it transformed into regional cultures with many traditions being continued by successive societies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">FAQs on the Indus Valley Civilisation<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"cfaq-wrapper\" data-multiple=\"0\"><div class=\"cfaq-item cfaq-open\"><button class=\"cfaq-question\" aria-expanded=\"true\"><span class=\"cfaq-question-text\">1. What is the Indus Valley Civilisation?<\/span><span class=\"cfaq-icon\"><\/span><\/button><div class=\"cfaq-answer\"><div class=\"cfaq-answer-inner\"><div><span style=\"font-size: 12.35px\">The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was one of the world's earliest urban civilisations that flourished between c. 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE in the northwestern Indian subcontinent.<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"cfaq-item\"><button class=\"cfaq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><span class=\"cfaq-question-text\">2. Why is it called the Harappan Civilisation?<\/span><span class=\"cfaq-icon\"><\/span><\/button><div class=\"cfaq-answer\" hidden><div class=\"cfaq-answer-inner\"><div><span style=\"font-size: 12.35px\">It is called the Harappan Civilisation because Harappa, located in present-day Pakistan, was the first site where its remains were scientifically excavated.<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"cfaq-item\"><button class=\"cfaq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><span class=\"cfaq-question-text\">3. Who discovered the Indus Valley Civilisation?<\/span><span class=\"cfaq-icon\"><\/span><\/button><div class=\"cfaq-answer\" hidden><div class=\"cfaq-answer-inner\"><div><span style=\"font-size: 12.35px\">The civilisation was officially announced in 1924 by Sir John Marshall, while Daya Ram Sahni excavated Harappa (1921) and Rakhaldas Banerji excavated Mohenjo-daro (1922).<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"cfaq-item\"><button class=\"cfaq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><span class=\"cfaq-question-text\">4. Which are the major archaeological sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation?<\/span><span class=\"cfaq-icon\"><\/span><\/button><div class=\"cfaq-answer\" hidden><div class=\"cfaq-answer-inner\"><div><span style=\"font-size: 12.35px\">Major sites include Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, Lothal, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Banawali, Surkotada, Chanhudaro, and Ropar.<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"cfaq-item\"><button class=\"cfaq-question\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><span class=\"cfaq-question-text\">5. What are the main features of the Indus Valley Civilisation?<\/span><span class=\"cfaq-icon\"><\/span><\/button><div class=\"cfaq-answer\" hidden><div class=\"cfaq-answer-inner\"><div><span style=\"font-size: 12.35px\">Its key features include planned cities, grid-pattern streets, advanced drainage systems, standardised weights and measures, seals, undeciphered script, bronze metallurgy, and extensive trade networks.<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Indus Valley Civilisation: The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) or Harappan Civilisation was a Bronze Age civilisation primarily present in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent and one of three early cradles of civilisations, which was contemporaneous with Ancient Egypt, Mesoamerica and Ancient China. It was marked by site layouts, sewerage systems, standardised weights and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":14073,"template":"","subject":[47],"class_list":["post-14072","academic_content","type-academic_content","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","subject-history"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.class24.study\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/academic_content\/14072","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.class24.study\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/academic_content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.class24.study\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/academic_content"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.class24.study\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14073"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.class24.study\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14072"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"subject","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.class24.study\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subject?post=14072"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}